不同氮源对丹参和藏丹参毛状根有效成分积累的影响

目的氮素是中药材有效成分积累的重要影响元素,为探讨不同氮源对丹参Salviamiltiorrhiza和藏丹参Salvia castanea毛状根生长和活性成分积累的影响。方法分别采用硝酸铵、水解乳蛋白、蛋白胨、牛肉浸膏、酪蛋白和酵母提取物6种氮源处理对丹参和藏丹参毛状根的影响,分析毛状根生长及活性成分积累的变化。结果硝酸铵最有利于2种丹参毛状根的生长。水解乳蛋白能够显著促进丹酚酸类成分的积累,与硝酸铵对照相比,丹参迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B含量分别提高了2.94倍和3.27倍,藏丹参二者含量分别提高了13.74倍和2.01倍。酵母提取物对2种丹参毛状根二氢丹参酮Ι和隐丹参酮积累的促进效果最为显著,水解乳蛋白能显著促进丹参根中丹参酮IIA的积累,牛肉浸膏则对藏丹参中丹参酮IIA积累的促进作用最为显著。结论硝酸铵是2种丹参毛状根生长的最佳氮源,水解乳蛋白是丹酚酸积累的最佳氮源,不同氮源对4种丹参酮的影响不一致,丹参和藏丹参对不同氮源的响应也不一致。该研究不仅对丹参毛状根规模化培养及活性成分工业化生产具有一定指导意义,也对藏丹参资源的开发利用提供了借鉴作用。     

上海市徐汇区45~55岁居民动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险的影响因素分析

背景　动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病（ASCVD）是我国居民健康的首要威胁，也是我国居民的首要死亡原因，占城市居民的41.8%，占农村居民的44.8%。家庭医生及其团队对社区中年人群相关风险因素的调研评估、干预及综合管理，可尽早预防ASCVD的发生发展。目的　调查上海市徐汇区45~55岁居民ASCVD风险因素，为日后对相关人群开展针对性的健康干预提供参考意见和建议。方法　采集2019年1-5月在上海市徐汇区枫林街道社区卫生服务中心门诊就诊、信息平台留存准确个人资料（性别、年龄、联系电话）及在本单位体检留存生理、生化数据〔身高、体质量、BMI、血压和血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）及空腹血糖（FPG）〕的530例居民的信息。采用电话回访或现场面对面调查，参照《中国成人血脂异常防治指南（2016年修订版）》中“总体心血管危险评估”相关章节内容定义ASCVD 风险，同时基于社区实际情况，将评估低危和中危人群归为ASCVD低风险组，高危和极高危人群归为ASCVD高风险组。采用多元Logistic逐步回归分析探究居民ASCVD风险的影响因素。结果　发放问卷530份，回收有效问卷502份，有效回收率为94.7%。ASCVD低风险组38例，ASCVD高风险组464例。ASCVD高风险组年龄、TG、FPG、男性比例、心脑血管病史比例、糖尿病史比例、高血压史比例、服用降压药史比例、服用调脂药史比例高于ASCVD低风险组（P<0.05）。多元Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示，≥50岁、TG≥1.5 mmol/L、FBG≥6.1 mmol/L、男性是居民ASCVD风险的危险因素（P<0.05）；服用调脂药史是居民ASCVD风险的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论　上海市徐汇区45~55岁居民ASCVD风险的主要可控危险因素是血脂（TG）及血糖的异常；不可控危险因素是年龄、性别。对于增龄、男性、合并脂代谢异常的居民更应关注ASCVD的风险并予以生活方式干预和调脂药规范使用指导。社区开展多重风险因素评估及管理对ASCVD的早期筛查、早期干预及治疗均非常重要，对家庭医生及其团队开展相关一、二级预防工作有指导借鉴意义。     

胸腰椎椎板切除减压术后中枢神经系统感染及其危险因素

目的:分析胸腰椎椎板切除减压术后中枢神经系统感染及其危险因素。方法:2015年6月~2018年9月于我院接受后路椎板切除减压手术的患者共2632例,其中8例出现术后中枢神经系统感染,男5例,女3例,年龄为55.8±9.3岁(41~69岁)。8例均出现高热,7例出现头痛,4例出现不同程度意识障碍,7例出现颈抵抗。除1例患者血白细胞计数正常,其余患者的血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白及血沉均升高。8例脑脊液检查均表现为白细胞显著增加、葡萄糖降低、蛋白升高,1例患者脑脊液及血液细菌培养为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性,其余患者细菌培养均为阴性。8例患者头部CT均无异常。1例患者胸椎MRI提示切口深部感染,1例腰椎MRI提示硬膜内脑脊液异常T2WI信号改变。记录8例患者的治疗及随访结果。根据是否发生术后中枢神经系统感染将患者分为两组,使用卡方检验分析两组患者的术前诊断、手术时间、术中出血量、手术节段、留置引流管时间、是否发生硬膜撕裂及手术部位感染等因素是否存在统计学差异。结果:1例切口深部感染患者行清创手术,8例患者均接受18.50±3.07d(14~24d)抗生素治疗后症状及体征完全消失,血常规、C反应蛋白及血沉正常。随访20.50±8.19个月(12~36个月),所有患者至末次随访时均无发热、头痛、颈抵抗或意识障碍,血常规、C反应蛋白及血沉均正常。卡方检验显示手术节段≥3及硬膜撕裂在两组患者间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其余因素两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:术后中枢神经系统感染是胸腰椎椎板切除减压手术后罕见的并发症。当胸腰椎椎板切除减压手术后患者出现发热、头痛、颈抵抗和意识障碍时应尽快实施腰穿脑脊液检查,早期诊断和及时应用抗生素治疗可获得良好的结果。手术节段≥3及硬膜撕裂与发生术后中枢神经系统感染密切相关。     

Manejo y factores de riesgo de gravedad asociados a lesiones no intencionadas en urgencias de pediatría en España

IntroductionThirty-eight million patients with injuries are treated in Emergency Departments every year, 90% of them being in the form of unintentional injuries (UIs). There are currently no global records of its management in Spain, or the risk factors that may be associated with them. The objective of this study is to describe the management of UIs in Spanish paediatric emergency departments, and to analyse factors related to the presence of serious injuries.Material and methodsA sub-study of a prospective multicentre observational study conducted over 12 months in 11 hospitals of the Spanish Paediatric Emergency Research Group (RiSEUP-SPERG), including children from 0 to 16 years of age consulting for UIs. Epidemiological data, circumstances of the injury, and data on emergency care and discharge destination were recorded on the 13th day of each month.ResultsA total of 10,175 episodes were recorded, of which 1,941 were UIs (19.1%), including 1,673, of which 257 (15.4%) were severe. The most frequent complementary test was simple radiography (60.0%), and the most frequent procedure was limb immobilisation (38.6%). A significant relationship was found between presenting with a severe UI and age > 5 years (OR 2.24; 95% CI: 1.61-3.16), history of fracture (OR 2.05; 95% CI: 1.22-3.43), or sports activity as a mechanism of injury (OR 1.76; 95% CI: 1.29-2.38), among others.ConclusionIn Spain, most UIs are not serious. X-rays and immobilisation of extremities are the most frequently performed tests and procedures. Severe UIs were associated with individual factors, such as age > 5 years or history of fracture, and with sports activity as a mechanism associated with severity. It is vital to implement measures to improve the prevention of these injuries and to support the training of caregivers through educational programmes.     

儿童支气管哮喘与注意缺陷多动障碍的关系及其危险因素

近年来儿童慢性疾病与神经精神疾病的关系及其致病机制已成为儿科领域研究的热点和难点。支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是儿童期常见的慢性疾病之一,最新基于人群的大样本报道证实哮喘与儿童最常见的神经发育障碍性疾病注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)之间关系密切。现就哮喘和ADHD的具体关系及其危险因素最新研究进展进行综述,以期认识二者之间的关系及其危险因素,便于哮喘患儿的长程临床管理。     

Pressure levels in the trochanter area according to repositioning at different degrees of inclination in healthy subjects

ObjectivesPatient repositioning is a recommended intervention to prevent or treat pressure ulcers (PUs). One option under consideration is the tailored repositioning according to patient characteristics, but more knowledge is needed on how different repositioning patterns influence on skin pressure. To determine what degree of inclination of the body in bed generates more pressure in the trochanteric region. Additionally, to analyze the influence of factors such as gender, age and anthropometric characteristics in the variations of this pressure.MethodsAnalytical cross-sectional study. Body Mass Index (BMI), lean mass and fat mass were measured in healthy volunteers subject to different inclinations (90°, 60° and 30°) in right lateral decubitus. Pressure was measured with a capacitive surface.ResultsIn total, 146 subjects were included, of which 45 were men and 101 women. The results showed pressure differences due to the inclination according to gender and anthropometric values, being statistically significant in men at 90° and 60°, and in women at 30°. (hombres 90° p = 0,026, 60° p = 0,049; mujeres 30° p = 0,036) según prueba Brown-Forsythe.ConclusionsThere are differences in the pressures of the trochanteric zone depending on anthropometric factors and by gender, in different body positions. Obese people exerted a higher pressure in the trochanter area at 30° of body inclination than overweight, normal weight and underweight people, respectively. From the clinical point of view, these findings invite to consider a possible differentiation in the repositioning interventions of the patients, according to gender and BMI, as a preventive strategy for PUs.     

Explained and unexplained racial and regional inequality in obesity prevalence in the United States

ABSTRACT

Objective: There are substantial racial and regional disparities in obesity prevalence in the United States. This study partitioned the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and obesity prevalence rate gaps between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites into the portion attributable to observable obesity risk factors and the remaining portion attributable to unobservable factors at the national and the state levels in the United States (U.S.) in 2010.

Design: This study used a simulated micro-population dataset combining common information from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the U.S. Census data to obtain a reliable, large sample representing the adult populations at the national and state levels. It then applied a reweighting decomposition method to decompose the black-white mean BMI and obesity prevalence disparities at the national and state levels into the portion attributable to the differences in distribution of observable obesity risk factors and the remaining portion unexplainable with risk factors.

Results: We found that the observable differences in distribution of known obesity risk factors explain 18.5% of the mean BMI difference and 20.6% of obesity prevalence disparities between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites. There were substantial variations in how much the differences in distribution of known obesity risk factors can explain black-white gaps in mean BMI (?67.7% to 833.6%) and obesity prevalence (?278.5% to 340.3%) at the state level.

Conclusion: The results from this study demonstrate that known obesity risk factors explain a small proportion of the racial, ethnic and between-state disparities in obesity prevalence in the United States. Future etiologic studies are required to further understand the causal factors underlying obesity and racial, ethnic and geographic disparities.     

重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑膨出的影响因素及风险预测模型的构建

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤（TBI）患者术后发生脑膨出的影响因素，并建立重型TBI患者术后发生脑膨出风险预测模型。 方法选择郫都区人民医院重症医学科自2018年1月至2020年2月收治的126例重型TBI患者为研究对象，根据术后脑膨出发生与否，分为脑膨出组和非脑膨出组。收集2组患者一般临床资料，采用单因素及多因素分析重型TBI患者术后发生脑膨出的危险因素，采用R（R3.5.3）建立预测重型TBI患者术后发生脑膨出的风险列线图模型。 结果脑膨出组患者42例，脑膨出发生率为33.33%（42/126），非脑膨出组84例。单因素分析结果显示，手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、抗凝药物服用史、脑积水、颅内感染、迟发性外伤性颅内血肿（DTIH）、外伤性弥漫性脑肿胀（PADBS）、术前颅内压、血小板计数以及凝血酶原时间是术后脑膨出的影响因素（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，合并手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、抗凝药物服用史、脑积水、DTIH、PADBS以及术前颅内压均为重型TBI患者术后发生脑膨出的危险因素（P<0.05）。列线图模型结果显示，模型一致性指数为0.857（95%CI：0.823~0.891），校正曲线与理想曲线基本一致，受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.848（95%CI：0.817~0.879）。 结论合并手术远隔部位颅骨骨折、伴有抗凝药物服用史、伴有脑积水、合并DTIH、合并PADBS以及术前颅内压均为重型TBI患者术后发生脑膨出的独立危险因素，基于上述6项危险因素所建立的风险预测模型有助于预测重型TBI患者术后脑膨出的发生风险。     

极低/超低出生体重儿甲状腺功能减退的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）患儿甲状腺功能减退的危险因素和治疗情况。方法 选择2018年9月至2019年12月诊断为甲状腺功能减退的VLBW/ELBW患儿为病例组（n=29），按照1：3比例匹配甲状腺功能正常的VLBW/ELBW患儿作为对照组（n=87），比较两组患儿的临床特征，分析甲状腺功能与出生胎龄、出生体重的相关性及甲状腺功能减退的危险因素。结果 符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW患儿共162例，其中病例组29例，甲状腺功能减退发生率为17.9%。出生体重越低，甲状腺功能减退发生率越高（P < 0.05）；三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）与出生胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05），T3、游离甲状腺素（FT4）与出生体重呈正相关（P < 0.05）。小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母≥35岁、使用多巴胺是发生甲状腺功能减退的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。病例组中16例患儿给予左旋甲状腺素（每日5~10 μg/kg）治疗，甲状腺功能在治疗2周后恢复正常。结论 VLBW/ELBW患儿甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高，小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母高龄、应用多巴胺是其发生甲状腺功能减退的危险因素，应用左旋甲状腺素治疗的患儿需定期随访，以保证用药剂量适宜。